BPC-157 Telehealth

REFERENCES / BPC-157 RESEARCH RECORD

Full citation index.

Twenty citations organized by pathway. Evidence tiers are noted for each entry. Outbound links to PubMed, PMC, and journal sources.

How to read this index

Citations are numbered to match inline reference markers throughout the site. Each entry includes authors, journal, year, volume, pages, DOI, PMID, and evidence tier (preclinical / human pilot / review). Filter by pathway using the DataTables pathway column.

Primary citations — in-text reference index

The full references are listed in the references_index object below. The following pathway-organized reading order is recommended for researchers new to the BPC-157 literature:

Start with the mechanism: [1] Hsieh et al. 2017 (VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS) → [2] Hsieh et al. 2020 (Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS) → [14] Sikiric et al. 2025 (NO-system pleiotropic review)

Tissue repair cluster: [3] Staresinic et al. 2003 (Achilles tendon) → [4] Chang et al. 2011 (tendon fibroblast migration) → [5] Chang et al. 2014 (GHR upregulation) → [6] Japjec et al. 2021 (myotendinous junction) → [7] Novinscak et al. 2008 (muscle crush) → [8] Seiwerth et al. 2021 (wound healing review) → [17] Matek et al. 2025 (quadriceps reattachment)

GI and cytoprotection: [9] Ilic et al. 2011 (NSAID toxicity) → [20] Klicek et al. 2008 (fistula / IBD trial reference) → [11] Demirtas et al. 2025 (ischemia-reperfusion remote organ)

Cardiovascular and neurological: [10] Sikiric et al. 2022 (cardiac) → [12] Perovic et al. 2022 (spinal cord) → [13] Sikiric et al. 2023 (ocular / IOP)

Systematic reviews: [15] McGuire et al. 2025 (musculoskeletal narrative review — strongest independent review available) → [16] McGuire et al. 2025 (same citation, referenced under two content clusters)

Human pilot studies: [18] Lee, Walker & Ayadi 2024 (interstitial cystitis) → [19] Lee & Burgess 2025 (IV pharmacokinetics)

For regulatory context: see the About page and the telehealth-regulatory-framing documentation in the research record.

  1. Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. ↗
  2. Hsieh MJ, et al. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16923. ↗
  3. Staresinic M, Petrovic I, Novinscak T, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  4. Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JH. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(3):774-780. ↗
  5. Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. ↗
  6. Japjec M, Horvat Pavlov K, Petrovic A, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy for the Disable Myotendinous Junctions in Rats. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1547. ↗
  7. Novinscak T, Brcic L, Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as an effective therapy for muscle crush injury in the rat. Surg Today. 2008;38(8):716-725. ↗
  8. Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:627533. ↗
  9. Ilic S, Drmic D, Franjic S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. Life Sci. 2011;88(11-12):535-542. ↗
  10. Sikiric P, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Useful Cytoprotective Peptide Therapy in the Heart Disturbances, Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension, Arrhythmias, and Thrombosis Presentation. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2696. ↗
  11. Demirtas H, Ozer A, Yildirim AK, Dursun AD, Sezen SC, Arslan M. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025. ↗
  12. Perovic D, Milavic M, Dokuzovic S, et al. Novel Therapeutic Effects in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries: Recovery of the Definitive and Early Spinal Cord Injury by the Administration of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(5):1801-1817. ↗
  13. Sikiric P, Kokot A, Kralj T, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 — Possible Novel Therapy of Glaucoma and Other Ocular Conditions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(7):1052. ↗
  14. Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Skrtic A, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key: A Special Beneficial Pleiotropic Effect Controlling and Modulating Angiogenesis and the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. ↗
  15. McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18(12):611-619. ↗
  16. McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18(12):611-619. ↗
  17. Matek D, Matek I, Staresinic E, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats. Pharmaceutics. 2025. ↗
  18. Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30(10):12-17. ↗
  19. Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. ↗
  20. Klicek R, Sever M, Radic B, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, in Clinical Trials as a Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PL14736), Is Effective in the Healing of Colocutaneous Fistulas in Rats: Role of the Nitric Oxide-System. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;108(1):7-17. ↗
  21. Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021. ↗
  22. Author group (2025). BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(10):1450. ↗
  23. Tohyama Y, et al. Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC157 on regional serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: alpha-methyltryptophan autoradiographic measurements. Life Sci. 2004;76(4):345-357. ↗
  24. Boban Blagaic A, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effective against serotonin syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;512(2-3):173-179. ↗