# BPC-157 Research References — Full Citation List

> Complete citation list for the BPC-157 research literature summarized on this site: PubMed, PMC, DOI, and journal references organized by pathway and evidence tier.

Twenty citations organized by pathway. Evidence tiers are noted for each entry. Outbound links to PubMed, PMC, and journal sources.

## How to read this index

Citations are numbered to match inline reference markers throughout the site. Each entry includes authors, journal, year, volume, pages, DOI, PMID, and evidence tier (preclinical / human pilot / review). Filter by pathway using the DataTables pathway column.

## Primary citations — in-text reference index

The full references are listed in the `references_index` object below. The following pathway-organized reading order is recommended for researchers new to the BPC-157 literature:

**Start with the mechanism:** [1] Hsieh et al. 2017 (VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS) → [2] Hsieh et al. 2020 (Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS) → [14] Sikiric et al. 2025 (NO-system pleiotropic review)

**Tissue repair cluster:** [3] Staresinic et al. 2003 (Achilles tendon) → [4] Chang et al. 2011 (tendon fibroblast migration) → [5] Chang et al. 2014 (GHR upregulation) → [6] Japjec et al. 2021 (myotendinous junction) → [7] Novinscak et al. 2008 (muscle crush) → [8] Seiwerth et al. 2021 (wound healing review) → [17] Matek et al. 2025 (quadriceps reattachment)

**GI and cytoprotection:** [9] Ilic et al. 2011 (NSAID toxicity) → [20] Klicek et al. 2008 (fistula / IBD trial reference) → [11] Demirtas et al. 2025 (ischemia-reperfusion remote organ)

**Cardiovascular and neurological:** [10] Sikiric et al. 2022 (cardiac) → [12] Perovic et al. 2022 (spinal cord) → [13] Sikiric et al. 2023 (ocular / IOP)

**Systematic reviews:** [15] McGuire et al. 2025 (musculoskeletal narrative review — strongest independent review available) → [16] McGuire et al. 2025 (same citation, referenced under two content clusters)

**Human pilot studies:** [18] Lee, Walker & Ayadi 2024 (interstitial cystitis) → [19] Lee & Burgess 2025 (IV pharmacokinetics)

**For regulatory context:** see the About page and the telehealth-regulatory-framing documentation in the research record.

## References

[1] Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/
[2] Hsieh MJ, et al. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16923. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7555539/
[3] Staresinic M, Petrovic I, Novinscak T, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736026603001104
[4] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JH. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(3):774-780. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010
[5] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6271067/
[6] Japjec M, Horvat Pavlov K, Petrovic A, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy for the Disable Myotendinous Junctions in Rats. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1547. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34829776/
[7] Novinscak T, Brcic L, Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as an effective therapy for muscle crush injury in the rat. Surg Today. 2008;38(8):716-725. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18668315/
[8] Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:627533. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8275860/
[9] Ilic S, Drmic D, Franjic S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. Life Sci. 2011;88(11-12):535-542. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21295044/
[10] Sikiric P, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Useful Cytoprotective Peptide Therapy in the Heart Disturbances, Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension, Arrhythmias, and Thrombosis Presentation. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2696. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9687817/
[11] Demirtas H, Ozer A, Yildirim AK, Dursun AD, Sezen SC, Arslan M. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11857380/
[12] Perovic D, Milavic M, Dokuzovic S, et al. Novel Therapeutic Effects in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries: Recovery of the Definitive and Early Spinal Cord Injury by the Administration of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(5):1801-1817. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9164058/
[13] Sikiric P, Kokot A, Kralj T, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 — Possible Novel Therapy of Glaucoma and Other Ocular Conditions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(7):1052. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10385428/
[14] Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Skrtic A, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key: A Special Beneficial Pleiotropic Effect Controlling and Modulating Angiogenesis and the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12195719/
[15] McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18(12):611-619. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12446177/
[16] McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18(12):611-619. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12446177/
[17] Matek D, Matek I, Staresinic E, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats. Pharmaceutics. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11768438/
[18] Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30(10):12-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384668401_Effect_of_BPC-157_on_Symptoms_in_Patients_with_Interstitial_Cystitis_A_Pilot_Study
[19] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390202117_Safety_of_Intravenous_Infusion_of_BPC157_in_Humans_A_Pilot_Study
[20] Klicek R, Sever M, Radic B, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, in Clinical Trials as a Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PL14736), Is Effective in the Healing of Colocutaneous Fistulas in Rats: Role of the Nitric Oxide-System. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;108(1):7-17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18818478/
[21] Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324435/
[22] Author group (2025). BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(10):1450. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41155565/
[23] Tohyama Y, et al. Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC157 on regional serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: alpha-methyltryptophan autoradiographic measurements. Life Sci. 2004;76(4):345-357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15531385/
[24] Boban Blagaic A, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effective against serotonin syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;512(2-3):173-179. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15840402/

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